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	<title>Financial Law &amp; Regulation &#8211; Bertrand Mariaux</title>
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	<description>Mastering Luxembourg&#039;s Asset Management Corporate Governance, Regulatory &#38; Compliance Environment</description>
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	<title>Financial Law &amp; Regulation &#8211; Bertrand Mariaux</title>
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		<title>Suitability of Investment Advice in Luxembourg Private Banking: Information to Collect Before Advising a Client</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/investment-advice-suitability-luxembourg-private-banking/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/investment-advice-suitability-luxembourg-private-banking/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 2026 15:55:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[MiFID II Compliance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Credit Institutions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Delegated Regulation 2017/565]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Investment Advice Luxembourg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Investment Firms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[LFS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luxembourg Suitability Assessment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[private banking Luxembourg]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=411</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Investment advice suitability Luxembourg requires firms to collect, analyse and document client information before advising under Article 37-3(4) LFS and Article 54 of the Delegated Regulation.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Investment advice is legally conditioned on sufficient client information.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 37-3(4) of the Luxembourg law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended</a> (the &#8220;<strong>LFS</strong>&#8220;) sets the first rule. Before investment advice or portfolio management, the firm must obtain necessary client information. If it does not obtain the information required for the suitability assessment, <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017R0565-20220802" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 54(8) of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/565 of 25 April 2016</a> (the &#8220;<strong>Delegated Regulation</strong>&#8220;) prevents it from recommending investment services or financial instruments. This text is not administrative guidance. As an EU regulation, it is binding in its entirety and directly applicable in Member States under <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/art_288/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Although this article uses a private-banking lens, Article 37-3(4) of the LFS applies more broadly to credit institutions and investment firms when they provide investment advice or portfolio management; investment funds may be the instruments recommended, but they are not targeted as such by this rule. The suitability report described below is specifically framed for retail clients.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Three Conditions to Demonstrate Suitability</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For an investment recommendation to be justified under the regulatory framework, the file must show that (i) the required information was collected, (ii) that information was analysed, and (iii) the results of that analysis were actually taken into account in the advice given.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">First, collect the information required under Article 37-3(4) of the LFS. It covers five information points: knowledge and experience, financial situation, capacity to bear losses, investment objectives, and risk tolerance. Article 54(2)(a) of the Delegated Regulation also requires sustainability preferences to be considered where relevant.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Second, connect the information to the recommendation. The advice must correspond to the documented client profile, the product features, its costs, and its risks. This requirement is reflected in Article 54(2) of the Delegated Regulation, which requires firms to assess whether a recommended transaction is suitable in light of the information collected during the suitability assessment.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Third, maintain a disciplined record of the suitability assessment and the reasons supporting the recommendation. Article 54(12) of the Delegated Regulation requires, for retail clients, a suitability report. That report must outline the advice and explain why the recommendation is suitable for that client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The must-know rule is unambiguous. Article 37-3(4) of the LFS, read with Article 54(8) of the Delegated Regulation, makes suitability information a legal requirement before advice can be provided.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bertrandmariaux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Connect with Bertrand Mariaux on LinkedIn.</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">You can listen to the related podcast on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/suitability-requirements-for-investment-advice-in-luxembourg/id1811791497?i=1000772335655" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ApplePodcast</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0Ih36XYg1nt5hIPdcGIdgV" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/u8pWS4SgU1w" data-type="link" data-id="https://youtu.be/u8pWS4SgU1w" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a>, or wherever you get your podcasts.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">References</span>:</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 37-3(4) of the Luxembourg law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended (consolidated working version, Commission de surveillance du secteur financier)</a> (<a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017R0565-20220802" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Articles 54(2)(a), 54(2), 54(8) and 54(12) of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/565 of 25 April 2016, consolidated version</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017R0565-20220802" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017R0565-20220802</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/art_288/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 288 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/art_288/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/art_288/oj/eng</a>)</li>
</ul>
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>MiFID II Inducement Conditions in Luxembourg Private Banking: The Article 37-3(3d) LFS Test</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/mifid-ii-inducements-luxembourg/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/mifid-ii-inducements-luxembourg/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 16:23:31 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[MiFID II Compliance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Article 37-3 LFS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Commission Delegated Directive 2026/374]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[execution and research services]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Investment advice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luxembourg private banking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MiFID II inducements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[non-monetary benefits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[portfolio management]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[third-party benefits]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trailer fees]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=390</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[MiFID II inducement conditions Luxembourg: Article 37-3(3d) LFS sets the service-quality, client-interest and prior disclosure test.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 37-3(3d) of the Luxembourg Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended</a> (the &#8220;<strong>LFS</strong>&#8220;) sets the general inducement test for Luxembourg private banking. This test forms part of the framework under <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/EU of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments</a> (&#8220;<strong>MiFID II</strong>&#8220;). A third-party fee, commission or non-monetary benefit may be retained only under specific conditions. The benefit must enhance service quality. It must not impair the client’s best interests. Disclosure must precede the relevant service.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Distinguish trailer fees from inducements</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A trailer fee (<em>rétrocession de commission</em>) is a specific type of inducement. It generally refers to a recurring commission paid by a third party, often linked to the distribution or holding of a financial product. In practice, trailer fees are among the most common inducement forms encountered in private banking, portfolio management and investment advice.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The word <em>trailer</em> helps illustrate the mechanism. It refers to a commission that follows the client’s investment over time rather than being paid only at the outset. As long as the client remains invested in the product, the commission may continue to be paid to the distributor or intermediary. A trailer fee is therefore not limited to an upfront payment linked to the initial subscription. It may also remunerate an ongoing distribution, custody or servicing relationship that continues after the investment has been made.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The inducement analysis is broader. It covers any fee, commission or benefit linked to an investment service. The benefit may be monetary or non-monetary. Examples include direct payments, fee rebates, training, tools provided by third parties or other advantages that could influence how the investment service provider acts.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The previous article, <a href="https://bertrandmariaux.com/trailer-fees-mifid-ii-luxembourg-private-banking-rules/">Trailer Fees &amp; MiFID II: The Luxembourg Private Banking Rules</a>, looked at trailer fees in private banking as a practical example of an inducement. This control takes a broader view. It covers the general conditions that apply to any fee, commission or non-monetary benefit received or provided in connection with an investment service. The aim is not only to check transparency. It is also to determine whether the benefit complies with investor protection rules and the duty to act in the client’s best interests. In short, the question is not only: “has the client been informed?”. It is also: “may the benefit be accepted and retained?”.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Classify the service, test the inducement, document the client information</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Service classification governs the analysis. <a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 37-3(3b) and Article 37-3(3c) of the LFS</a> apply to investment advice provided on an independent basis and to portfolio management. They prohibit accepting and retaining third-party fees, commissions and benefits. The logic is simple. For these services, the client must be able to rely on advice or management that is not influenced by payments from issuers, distributors or other third parties connected with the relevant financial instruments. The prohibition therefore limits conflicts of interest and strengthens alignment with the client’s interests. Only acceptable minor non-monetary benefits are excluded.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Article 37-3(3d) of the LFS demands more than disclosure. <a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The information must cover the existence, nature and amount of the payment or benefit, or the calculation method, in a comprehensive, accurate and understandable manner</a>. Where applicable, mechanisms for transferring the benefit to the client must also be disclosed. The information must be delivered before the relevant service is provided.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2026/374 of 20 February 2026</a> amended Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593. It concerns third-party execution and research services. This article does not address the specific regime for those services. This development does not displace the general inducement test under Article 37-3(3d) of the LFS.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The control is simple. Start by identifying the relevant service. Then identify the benefit received or paid. Check two points: does the benefit enhance service quality? Could it impair the client’s interests? Finally, make sure the client was informed in advance.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Beware of a common mistake: informing the client is not enough. An inducement is not admissible merely because it has been disclosed. It must also satisfy the substantive regulatory conditions. In other words, transparency is necessary, but it does not replace the analysis. Treating mere client disclosure as sufficient to make the inducement admissible is not the Article 37-3(3d) test.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bertrandmariaux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Connect with Bertrand Mariaux on LinkedIn.</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">You can listen to the related podcast on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-mifid-ii-inducement-test-in-luxembourg-private-banking/id1811791497?i=1000772050604" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/1TahsnNQ4DCOPVzrOAE1p7?si=G3pDbN5-TSWamLtNQlJZ8Q" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/ZxZbCKS6iCg" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a>, or wherever you get your podcasts.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>References:</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended, Article 37-3 — CSSF consolidated English text</a> (<a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments — EUR-Lex</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2026/374 of 20 February 2026 — EUR-Lex</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/eng" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/eng</a>)</li>
</ul>



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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Conditions des incitations MiFID II en banque privée luxembourgeoise : le test de l’article 37-3(3quinquies) LFS</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/conditions-incitations-mifid-ii-luxembourg-lsf/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/conditions-incitations-mifid-ii-luxembourg-lsf/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 09 Jun 2026 16:02:16 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[MiFID II Compliance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[article 37-3 LSF]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[avantages non monétaires]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Banque privée Luxembourg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conditions incitations MiFID II]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rémunérations de tiers]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=389</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Conditions incitations MiFID II Luxembourg : l’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF impose qualité du service, intérêt du client et information préalable.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">L’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la loi luxembourgeoise du 5 avril 1993 relative au secteur financier, telle que modifiée</a> (la &#8220;<strong>LSF</strong>&#8220;) fixe le test général applicable aux incitations (<em>inducements</em>) en banque privée luxembourgeoise. Ce test s’inscrit dans le cadre de la <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">directive 2014/65/UE du 15 mai 2014 concernant les marchés d’instruments financiers</a> (« <strong>MiFID II</strong> »). Une rémunération, commission ou avantage non monétaire de tiers ne peut être conservé qu’à certaines conditions. L’avantage doit améliorer la qualité du service. Il ne doit pas nuire aux intérêts du client. L’information doit précéder la fourniture du service concerné.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Distinguer rétrocession et incitation</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Une rétrocession de commission (<em>trailer fee</em>) est un cas particulier d’incitation. Elle correspond généralement à une commission récurrente versée par un tiers — par exemple une société de gestion, un émetteur ou une entreprise d’investissement qui conçoit des instruments financiers destinés à la vente aux clients, parfois appelée producteur d’instruments financiers dans le vocabulaire de gouvernance produit MiFID II — à l’établissement qui distribue, recommande ou conserve ces produits pour le compte de ses clients. En pratique, les rétrocessions constituent l’une des formes les plus fréquentes d’incitations rencontrées dans les activités de banque privée, de gestion de portefeuille ou de conseil en investissement.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le terme anglais <em>trailer</em> aide à fixer la mécanique. Il renvoie à l’idée d’une commission qui suit la position du client dans le temps. Tant que le client conserve le produit, la commission peut continuer à être versée au distributeur ou à l’intermédiaire. La rétrocession n’est donc pas seulement un paiement initial lié à la souscription. Elle peut aussi rémunérer une relation de distribution, de conservation ou de suivi qui se prolonge après l’investissement initial.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">L’analyse des incitations est toutefois plus large. Elle couvre toute rémunération, commission ou avantage monétaire ou non monétaire reçu ou fourni en lien avec un service d’investissement. Il peut s’agir de paiements directs, de remises de frais, d’avantages en nature, de formations, d’outils mis à disposition par des tiers ou de toute autre forme de bénéfice susceptible d’influencer le comportement du prestataire de services d’investissement.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">L’article précédent, <a href="https://bertrandmariaux.com/retrocessions-banque-privee-luxembourg-mifid-ii/">Rétrocessions en banque privée au Luxembourg : trois contrôles MiFID II</a>, traitait les rétrocessions en banque privée comme un cas concret d’incitation. Le présent contrôle élargit l’analyse aux conditions générales d’admissibilité applicables à toute rémunération, commission ou avantage non monétaire reçu ou fourni en lien avec un service d’investissement. L’objectif est de vérifier non seulement la transparence de ces avantages, mais aussi leur compatibilité avec les exigences de protection des investisseurs et l’obligation d’agir au mieux des intérêts du client. La question n’est donc pas seulement : “le client a-t-il été informé ?”. La question est aussi : “l’avantage peut-il être accepté et conservé ?”.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Qualifier le service, tester l’incitation, documenter l’information du client</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La qualification du service gouverne l’analyse. <a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">L’article 37-3(3ter) et l’article 37-3(3quater) de la LSF</a> s’appliquent au conseil en investissement indépendant et à la gestion de portefeuille. Ils interdisent l’acceptation et la conservation des rémunérations et avantages de tiers. La logique est simple. Dans ces services, le client doit pouvoir compter sur une recommandation ou une gestion qui ne soit pas influencée par des paiements provenant d’émetteurs, de distributeurs ou d’autres tiers liés aux instruments financiers concernés. L’interdiction vise donc à limiter les conflits d’intérêts et à renforcer l’alignement du prestataire avec les intérêts du client. Seuls les avantages non monétaires mineurs acceptables sont exclus.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">L’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF exige davantage que la communication. <a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">L’information couvre l’existence, la nature, le montant ou le mode de calcul, d’une manière complète, exacte et compréhensible</a>. Le cas échéant, les mécanismes de transfert au client doivent aussi être communiqués. L’information intervient avant la fourniture du service.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/fra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">directive déléguée (UE) 2026/374 de la Commission du 20 février 2026</a> a modifié la directive déléguée (UE) 2017/593. Elle concerne les services d’exécution et de recherche fournis par des tiers. Le présent article ne traite pas le régime spécifique de ces services. Cette évolution ne remet pas en cause l’application du test général des incitations prévu à l’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le contrôle est simple. Commencez par identifier le service concerné. Puis identifiez l’avantage reçu ou versé. Vérifiez ensuite deux points : l’avantage améliore-t-il la qualité du service ? Risque-t-il de nuire aux intérêts du client ? Enfin, assurez-vous que le client a été informé à l’avance.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Attention à une erreur fréquente : informer le client ne suffit pas. Une incitation n’est pas admissible uniquement parce qu’elle a été divulguée. Elle doit aussi respecter les conditions de fond prévues par la réglementation. En d’autres termes, la transparence est nécessaire, mais elle ne remplace pas l’analyse. Considérer qu’une simple information du client suffit à rendre l’incitation admissible n’est pas le test de l’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Connectez-vous avec Bertrand Mariaux sur <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bertrandmariaux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LinkedIn</a>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Vous pouvez écouter le podcast associé sur <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/r%C3%A9trocessions-en-banque-priv%C3%A9e-au-luxembourg-trois/id1824719233?i=1000771582062" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0AYcvuz3MQzM6ii1m2iipr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/xnL3jF5hdKk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a> ou sur votre plateforme d’écoute préférée.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Références :</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Loi du 5 avril 1993 relative au secteur financier, telle que modifiée, article 37-3 — texte consolidé CSSF</a> (<a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 mai 2014 concernant les marchés d’instruments financiers — EUR-Lex</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/fra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive déléguée (UE) 2026/374 de la Commission du 20 février 2026 — EUR-Lex</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/fra" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2026/374/oj/fra</a>)</li>
</ul>
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		<title>Trailer Fees &#038; MiFID II: The Luxembourg Private Banking Rules</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/trailer-fees-mifid-ii-luxembourg/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/trailer-fees-mifid-ii-luxembourg/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 20:22:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[MiFID II Compliance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Article 37-3 LFS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[compliance framework]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MiFID II inducements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[private banking Luxembourg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trailer fees]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=385</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Article 37-3(3d) of the Luxembourg law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended (the “LFS”), governs trailer fees in Luxembourg private banking. In this context, a trailer fee falls within the MiFID II inducements framework. It may consist of a fee, commission or other monetary or non-monetary benefit paid or provided by...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Article 37-3(3d) of the Luxembourg law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended</a> (the “<strong>LFS</strong>”), governs trailer fees in Luxembourg private banking.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In this context, a trailer fee falls within the MiFID II inducements framework. It may consist of a fee, commission or other monetary or non-monetary benefit paid or provided by a third party, or by a person acting on behalf of a third party, to a credit institution or investment firm in connection with an investment service or ancillary service provided to a client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The framework derives in particular from Article 24(9) of <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments</a> (“<strong>MiFID II</strong>”), Article 37-3(3d) of the LFS, and Articles 11 and 12 of <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 of 7 April 2016</a>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A trailer fee may be retained only if two conditions are met. It must be designed to enhance the quality of the service provided to the client. It must not impair compliance with the duty to act honestly, fairly and professionally in accordance with the client’s best interests. Prior disclosure of its existence, nature, amount or calculation method is then required.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Trailer fees under the LFS: admissibility, transparency and client-interest protection</span></strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Service classification determines the rules applicable to fees and benefits received. For certain services, such as independent investment advice or portfolio management, the bank may not accept and retain monetary fees or other monetary benefits paid by third parties, for example by an investment fund management company. Those monetary benefits must be transferred in full to the client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This rule reduces conflicts of interest and protects the client’s interest. For independent investment advice, it results from Article 37-3(3b) of the LFS. For portfolio management, it results from Article 37-3(3c) of the LFS.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Certain minor non-monetary benefits, such as information documents or technical training on the features and risks of financial products, remain permitted where they meet the applicable conditions. They must be capable of enhancing the quality of the service provided to the client and must not impair compliance with the duty to act in the client’s best interests.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Prior disclosure is mandatory. The bank must inform the client, before providing the relevant service, of the existence of the trailer fee, its nature, and its amount or calculation method.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Annual reporting applies to ongoing trailer fees. Article 11(5)(c) of Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 requires annual disclosure, on an individual basis, of the actual amount of payments or benefits received or paid.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Article 37-3(3d) of the LFS provides the legal anchor for the relevant documents and disclosures in this area. Service classification, admissibility, prior disclosure and annual reporting must remain consistent.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Connect with Bertrand Mariaux on <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bertrandmariaux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LinkedIn</a>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">You can listen to the related podcast on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/trailer-fees-mifid-ii-the-luxembourg-private-banking-rules/id1811791497?i=1000771746422" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0gJ8SssV96jgaw6rfYlZVU" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/dDeLUlANGlA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a>, or wherever you get your podcasts.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>References</strong></span>:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Law of 5 April 1993 on the financial sector, as amended, Article 37-3</a> (<a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lfs.pdf</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments, Article 24(9)</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117</a>)</li>



<li><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 of 7 April 2016, Articles 11 and 12</a> (<a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122</a>)</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="Spotify Embed: Trailer Fees &amp; MiFID II: The Luxembourg Private Banking Rules" style="border-radius: 12px" width="100%" height="152" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture" loading="lazy" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/0gJ8SssV96jgaw6rfYlZVU?utm_source=oembed"></iframe>
</div></figure>
]]></content:encoded>
					
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			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Rétrocessions en banque privée au Luxembourg : trois contrôles MiFID II</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/retrocessions-banque-privee-luxembourg-mifid-ii/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/retrocessions-banque-privee-luxembourg-mifid-ii/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2026 20:22:59 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[MiFID II Compliance]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=381</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Rétrocessions banque privée Luxembourg : trois contrôles MiFID II sur l’admissibilité, la divulgation préalable et le reporting annuel.]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">L&#8217;article 37-3(3quinquies) de la loi luxembourgeoise du 5 avril 1993 relative au secteur financier, telle que modifiée (la « <strong>LSF</strong> »), encadre les rétrocessions en banque privée.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dans ce contexte, une rétrocession relève du régime des incitations (« <em>inducements</em> ») au sens de la directive 2014/65/UE concernant les marchés d’instruments financiers (« <strong>MiFID II</strong> »). Il peut s’agir d’une commission, de frais ou d’un autre avantage, monétaire ou non monétaire, versé ou fourni par un tiers, ou par une personne agissant pour son compte, à un établissement financier dans le cadre d’un service d’investissement fourni à un client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le régime découle notamment de l’article 24(9) de MiFID II et de l’article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF et des articles 11 et 12 de la directive déléguée (UE) 2017/593 de la Commission.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Une rétrocession ne peut être conservée qu’à deux conditions. Elle doit avoir pour objet d’améliorer la qualité du service fourni au client. Elle ne doit pas nuire au respect de l’obligation d’agir d’une manière honnête, équitable et professionnelle au mieux des intérêts du client. La divulgation préalable de son existence, de sa nature, de son montant ou de sa méthode de calcul est ensuite requise.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Rétrocessions sous la LSF : admissibilité, transparence et protection de l’intérêt du client</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La classification du service détermine les règles applicables aux commissions et avantages perçus. Pour certains services, comme le conseil en investissement indépendant ou la gestion de portefeuille, la banque ne peut pas accepter et conserver les commissions ou autres avantages monétaires versés par des tiers, par exemple par une société de gestion de fonds d’investissement. Elle doit les reverser intégralement au client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Cette règle vise à réduire les conflits d’intérêts et à protéger l’intérêt du client. Pour le conseil en investissement indépendant, elle résulte de l’article 37-3(3ter) de la LSF. Pour la gestion de portefeuille, elle résulte de l’article 37-3(3quater) de la LSF.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Certains avantages non monétaires mineurs (« <em>minor non-monetary benefits</em> »), tels que des documents d’information ou des formations techniques sur les caractéristiques et les risques des produits financiers, de portée limitée et de faible valeur, restent autorisés lorsqu’ils respectent les conditions applicables. Ils doivent être susceptibles d’améliorer la qualité du service fourni au client et ne pas compromettre le respect de l’obligation d’agir au mieux des intérêts du client.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La divulgation préalable est obligatoire. La banque doit informer le client, avant la fourniture du service concerné, de l’existence de la rétrocession (« <em>trailer fee</em> »), de sa nature, ainsi que de son montant ou de la méthode utilisée pour le calculer.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le reporting annuel s’applique aux rétrocessions continues. L’article 11(5)(c) de la directive déléguée (UE) 2017/593 de la Commission impose une information annuelle, sur une base individuelle, concernant le montant réel des paiements ou avantages reçus ou versés.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">L&#8217;article 37-3(3quinquies) de la LSF sert de base juridique à l’ensemble des documents et informations à fournir dans ce domaine. Classification du service, admissibilité, divulgation préalable et reporting annuel doivent être cohérents.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Connectez-vous avec Bertrand Mariaux sur <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/bertrandmariaux/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">LinkedIn</a>.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Vous pouvez écouter le podcast associé sur <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/r%C3%A9trocessions-en-banque-priv%C3%A9e-au-luxembourg-trois/id1824719233?i=1000771582062" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple Podcasts</a>, <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0AYcvuz3MQzM6ii1m2iipr" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://youtu.be/GP5EmhASXLY" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a> ou sur votre plateforme d’écoute préférée.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>Références</strong></span> :</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Loi du 5 avril 1993 relative au secteur financier, telle que modifiée, article 37-3</a><br><a href="https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cssf.lu/wp-content/uploads/L_050493_lsf.pdf</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive 2014/65/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 mai 2014 concernant les marchés d’instruments financiers, article 24(9)</a><br><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02014L0065-20250117</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Directive déléguée (UE) 2017/593 de la Commission du 7 avril 2016, articles 11 et 12</a><br><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A02017L0593-20221122</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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		<title>Luxembourg Lombard Lending: Pledge Mechanics, Custody Control, and Enforcement Under the Financial Collateral Law</title>
		<link>https://bertrandmariaux.com/luxembourg-lombard-lending-pledge-mechanics-custody-control-and-enforcement-under-the-financial-collateral-law/</link>
					<comments>https://bertrandmariaux.com/luxembourg-lombard-lending-pledge-mechanics-custody-control-and-enforcement-under-the-financial-collateral-law/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Bertrand Mariaux]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 May 2026 21:03:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Banking & Secured Finance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Financial Law & Regulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luxembourg Regulatory Framework]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book-entry financial instruments]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CSSF credit risk]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[financial collateral arrangements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lombard loan Luxembourg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Luxembourg Financial Collateral Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[private banking Luxembourg]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[securities account pledge]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://bertrandmariaux.com/?p=289</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Lombard lending — secured credit extended against a portfolio of pledged financial instruments — is a core tool in Luxembourg private banking and wealth management. The legal foundation is the Law of 5 August 2005 on financial collateral arrangements. However, the strength of a Lombard structure depends not on the pledge agreement alone, but on...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Lombard lending — secured credit extended against a portfolio of pledged financial instruments — is a core tool in Luxembourg private banking and wealth management. The legal foundation is the Law of 5 August 2005 on financial collateral arrangements. However, the strength of a Lombard structure depends not on the pledge agreement alone, but on whether the custody control mechanics, valuation methodology, and enforcement workflow are operationally coherent.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Key Takeaways</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>What a Lombard loan is.</strong> A loan collateralised by pledged, liquid, and diversified securities, where the lender — as pledgee — may enforce the pledge and sell collateral if loan terms are breached.</li>



<li><strong>How perfection works under Luxembourg law.</strong> For book-entry financial instruments, a pledge may be perfected through the pledge agreement itself (where the custodian is the pledgee), through a control arrangement or notified agreement with the custodian, through book-entry registration to the pledgee&#8217;s account, or through designation in the custodian&#8217;s books as pledged collateral.</li>



<li><strong>Why account location matters.</strong> In cross-border structures, the law of the country where the relevant securities account is maintained governs proprietary rights, priority, custodian obligations, and enforcement — making account location a structuring question, not an administrative one.</li>



<li><strong>What the CSSF expects.</strong> A sound credit decision-making process, transparent loan documentation, prudent and regularly reviewed haircuts, close collateral monitoring, early warning systems, timely corrective measures, and active monitoring of collateral concentration.</li>



<li><strong>The three documents that must align.</strong> The credit agreement, the pledge agreement, and the custody or account-control arrangement must be read as a single operational system — not reviewed in isolation.</li>



<li><strong>Enforcement tools available.</strong> Under Article 11 of the Financial Collateral Law, the pledgee may use appropriation, private sale, trading venue sale, public auction, court-ordered retention of the collateral as payment up to the amount of the claim, based on expert valuation, netting, and specific routes for listed instruments, fund units, and rights arising under the pledged insurance contract.</li>
</ul>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Luxembourg&#8217;s Financial Collateral Law combines contractual flexibility, book-entry mechanics, conflict-of-laws rules, and a broad enforcement toolkit that makes it particularly suited to cross-border wealth management and financing structures. The discipline is straightforward: align the loan, the pledge, the account-control setup, the margin-call process, and the enforcement route before pressure arises — not during it.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><img src="https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/1f3a7.png" alt="🎧" class="wp-smiley" style="height: 1em; max-height: 1em;" /> <strong>Lombard Lending and Financial Collateral Framework</strong> — available on: <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lombard-lending-and-financial-collateral-framework/id1811791497?i=1000767462306" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple Podcasts</a> | <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/19r1BNsoDz67VlFHupL0Kw" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Spotify</a> | <a href="https://youtu.be/UuGf-UailRk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube</a></p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="Spotify Embed: Lombard Lending and Financial Collateral Framework" style="border-radius: 12px" width="100%" height="152" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture" loading="lazy" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/19r1BNsoDz67VlFHupL0Kw?utm_source=oembed"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe title="Lombard Lending and Financial Collateral Framework" width="720" height="540" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UuGf-UailRk?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Subscribe to <strong>BERTRAND MARIAUX AVOCATS</strong> on YouTube: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@BertrandMariaux" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://youtube.com/@bertrandmariauxavocats?si=_2T0qMXdJrDoXUca</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">#Luxembourg #InvestmentFunds #LuxembourgFundcast #LombardLoans #FinancialCollateral #PrivateBanking #FinancialRegulation</p>
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